![](data:image/png;base64,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热期曾出现在始新世早期(距今 5500 万年至 5000 万年),二氧化碳浓度达到 1000ppm 或
更高,当时温度上升了 6℃至 8℃,海洋升温尤其明显,大量海洋生物死亡和灭绝;上新世
中期(距今 330 万年至 300 万年)暖期,二氧化碳浓度最高达到了 450ppm,温度上升 2℃
左右,当时稳定的二氧化碳浓度适合于生物的繁殖和生长。由此可见,地球气候存在自然变
率。在自然变化中,气候系统存在临界值,一旦超过阈值将导致突然或不可逆的状态。那么
与地球生命及人类气候适应相协调的二氧化碳浓度大约是多少呢?目前大致有二个流行的
观点,一个是以 IPCC 报告为理论基础而定的目标是 450ppm,国际社会的减排方案也以此为
根据。另一个是以 NASA 气候科学家詹姆斯·汉森为代表的 350ppm 的观点(1988 年曾预测
在未来的 10 年全球气温将会上升 0.35℃但实际上只上升了 0.11℃)。 从 1901 年至今,全
球几乎所有地方的地表气温上升了 0.4~2℃之间,从百年尺度来看,现在的人类确实生活在
一个更加温暖的环境。宇宙生物学专家指出,当前地球生命所能接受的大气中二氧化碳浓度
的上限约为 350ppm(1988 年);超过 350ppm,各种生物的生存会面临严重威胁。2023 年
已达 420ppm,已超出 70ppm。普遍认可的观点是,引发人类灾难的二氧化碳浓度阈值为
560ppm,而容许二氧化碳浓度接近 450ppm(即“2℃温控”)将会是铤而走险且愚不可及
的无妄举动。根据麻省理工学院和气候互动组织(Climate Interactive)在 2016 年 11 月作出
的预测,即使各国乖乖按照巴黎协定减少碳排放,大气二氧化碳浓度在 2100 年还是会达到
800ppm 以上。碳排放不仅令地球窒息,还大脑反应迟钝且令人类智障脑残。低浓度二氧化
碳也会影响人的思考和工作能力:和 600ppm 相比,当浓度达到 1000ppm 的时候,决策能
力就会显著下降(下降 12%);而到了 2500ppm 的水平,决策能力基本上已瘫痪(下降 51%)。
公寓的平均二氧化碳浓度为 800ppm ( 500ppm~1200ppm ) , 教 室 里的浓度普遍超过
1000ppm,汽车密闭空间的浓度可能会高于 4000ppm。到 2100 年时,城市大街上可能会充
斥着被二氧化碳“腌制”而脑残的人类,他们只适合非思考性工作,而不适合进行复杂的思
考和决策,难以判断是非(比如理解碳排放如何让自己变笨)。
“人类是如此的愚钝,以至于在接下来的数十年中将疲于应对气候变化带来的剧烈影
响。”如此坚定的结论,出自全球著名的环境智囊、独立科学家、“盖娅假说之父”世界环
境科学宗师詹姆斯•洛夫洛克(James Lovelock)之口(2010 年),60 多年来他始终坚信“地
球是活的”,甚至认为它像我们人类一样是一个有意识的生命体,也有一套完整复杂的呼吸、
消化系统,江河湖海就是她的血液,大气循环就是她的呼吸循环,风雨雷电、地震火山就是
她的喜怒哀乐,这就是著名的“盖娅假说”(“盖娅”在古希腊语中是 “地球” 的意思)。
詹姆斯·埃弗莱姆·洛夫洛克(James Ephraim Lovelock 1919 年 7 月 26 日~2022 年 7 月 26
日),出生于“花园城市”莱奇沃思(Letchworth),1948 年获得伦敦卫生与热带医学研究
所医学博士学位并由此而成为了一名脑洞大开的生命科学创客发明家,在英国国家卫生研究
院病毒部工作 20 年。他早期提出的“盖娅假说”作出了地球“自调控超生物(隐喻)”的
惊人假设——地球拥有一个全球规模的自我调节系统,可以使环境适应生命的生存,成为继
达尔文之后首位对地球生态提出全新观点的科学家。他创立的盖娅理论不但改变了大气科学
的走向,早已成为现代西方环境保护运动的“金科玉律”,还获得了号称环保界“诺贝尔奖”
的“蓝行星”奖(1997 年)。如今盖娅理论已成为地球学科的基础科学,科学家们业已意
识到硫族元素(氧硫硒等)是开启地球周期的关键因素,地球生命体→生物圈.生物地球化
学→盖娅理论.“(氧硫硒等)硫族活的地球(1971~1973 年)”碳基生命→地球系统科学
→星际天体生物学与宇宙人类学,60 多年持续颠覆科学想象力让他名列世界十大疯狂科学
家第四位(2008 年),(2019 年 7 月)业已年届百岁的他在《新星世 Novacene:即将到来
的超级智能时代》新书面世时快乐地提出,拥有“数字孪生虚拟地球超级脑”的硅基生命“赛
博格”将取代人类并改造世界,如果人类无法找到减轻当今全球变暖影响的方法,那么赛博
格将需要这样做。他对人类日渐减少的信心被对人工智能逻辑和合理性的信任所取代。他给